MOTS‑c 10mg

MOTS-C 10 mg is a high-purity lyophilized peptide research compound supplied by Grail Formula for scientific investigation and controlled laboratory experimentation.

For research use only — not for human or veterinary use.

 

Product Overview

MOTS-C is a mitochondria-derived peptide investigated in experimental research involving cellular metabolism, mitochondrial signalling, metabolic adaptation and intracellular regulatory pathways. Its association with mitochondrial genetic material has attracted scientific interest in the communication between mitochondrial processes and broader cellular regulatory systems.

Grail Formula supplies MOTS-C 10 mg as a nominal 10 mg lyophilized peptide research preparation. The product is intended for qualified laboratory researchers examining mitochondrial biology, peptide-mediated signalling and cellular responses under controlled experimental conditions.

Independent analytical testing was conducted by Liquilabs s.r.o., Czechia. The Certificate of Analysis, published on 11 October 2026, identifies production batch GF-MOTSC10-B242 and reports an assay content of 8.88 mg with a chromatographic purity of 99.3 %.

The distinction between nominal quantity, measured assay content and chromatographic purity is important. The nominal 10 mg represents the labelled product quantity, while the independent assay reports 8.88 mg of MOTS-C for the tested sample. The 99.3 % purity result describes the chromatographic purity assessment and must not be interpreted as confirmation of 9.93 mg of active peptide.

 

Peptide Overview

MOTS-C, or mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA type-c peptide, is a naturally occurring peptide encoded by a short open reading frame associated with mitochondrial DNA. It consists of 16 amino acids and belongs to a group of mitochondria-derived peptides investigated for their potential roles in cellular communication and metabolic regulation.

Unlike conventional mitochondrial proteins primarily associated with energy production and oxidative phosphorylation, MOTS-C has attracted research attention because of its proposed involvement in signalling processes extending beyond the mitochondrion itself.

Scientific investigations have explored the relationship between MOTS-C and cellular metabolic homeostasis, stress-associated signalling and the adaptation of intracellular processes to changing environmental and energetic conditions.

Its mitochondrial origin makes MOTS-C particularly relevant to research into the relationship between mitochondrial function, nuclear gene regulation and cellular responses to metabolic stress.

Experimental findings concerning MOTS-C remain dependent on the biological model, research conditions and analytical methods employed. Observations from cellular and animal studies cannot automatically be extrapolated to human physiology or clinical outcomes.

 

Historical Background and Scientific Context

MOTS-C was first described in scientific literature in 2015 as part of expanding research into biologically active peptides encoded by mitochondrial DNA. Its identification contributed to a broader understanding of mitochondria as structures involved not only in cellular energy metabolism but also in the regulation of signalling pathways.

Historically, mitochondrial research concentrated heavily on ATP production, respiratory-chain activity, oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial genetic disorders. The discovery of mitochondria-derived peptides introduced additional questions concerning how mitochondrial genetic information might influence processes elsewhere within the cell.

Research into MOTS-C subsequently developed around its proposed association with metabolic regulation, cellular stress responses and signalling pathways involved in energy balance.

Investigators have also explored how MOTS-C expression and related signalling processes may vary across experimental conditions involving nutrient availability, physical activity, ageing and metabolic challenges.

These investigations have contributed to growing scientific interest in mitochondrial communication networks, sometimes described in the literature as mitochondrial retrograde signalling, through which mitochondrial conditions can influence nuclear and cytoplasmic processes.

Although MOTS-C has been examined in multiple preclinical research settings, its precise biological significance, context-dependent mechanisms and potential translational relevance remain subjects of ongoing investigation.

 

Mechanistic Focus in Research

One prominent area of MOTS-C research concerns its proposed relationship with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an intracellular signalling regulator involved in cellular energy sensing and metabolic adaptation.

Experimental studies have investigated whether MOTS-C-associated responses interact with AMPK-dependent pathways under particular metabolic conditions. Such investigations contribute to the study of how cells respond to changes in nutrient availability and energetic demand.

Another research focus involves the relationship between MOTS-C and metabolic intermediates associated with glucose utilisation, amino acid metabolism and cellular energy regulation. Researchers use controlled experimental models to investigate these relationships and distinguish direct molecular interactions from broader downstream cellular responses.

MOTS-C has also been studied in connection with nuclear signalling and stress-responsive gene regulation. Experimental literature describes context-dependent changes in intracellular localisation and potential interactions with nuclear regulatory processes.

These observations have generated interest in the concept that mitochondria-derived peptides may participate in communication between mitochondrial conditions and nuclear transcriptional responses.

Additional investigations examine MOTS-C in experimental models involving oxidative stress, mitochondrial adaptation, cellular ageing and metabolic resilience. These subjects remain areas of mechanistic research rather than established therapeutic applications.

The interpretation of MOTS-C-related findings requires careful consideration of experimental design, biological model, concentration, exposure conditions and analytical endpoints. Proposed signalling mechanisms should not be presented as universally established biological effects.

 

Analytical Verification (COA)

Grail Formula supports batch-specific product transparency through independent third-party analytical testing. The MOTS-C 10 mg Certificate of Analysis was issued by Liquilabs s.r.o., Czechia, with a publication date of 11 October 2026.

The report identifies the sample as MOTS-C 10 mg, batch number GF-MOTSC10-B242, and provides analytical results for peptide content, purity, identity, microbiological counts, bacterial endotoxins and elemental impurities.

Peptide assay and chromatographic purity

• Nominal product quantity: 10 mg
• Measured MOTS-C assay content: 8.88 mg ± 0.04 mg
• Reported MOTS-C purity: 99.3 % ± 0.5 percentage points
• Measured assay difference from nominal quantity: 1.12 mg below the labelled 10 mg
• Peptide analysis identified in the report as Peptide Screening 0.1% TFA

The reported assay content corresponds to 88.8 % of the nominal 10 mg quantity. This difference is disclosed separately from the purity measurement to maintain an accurate distinction between measured peptide quantity and chromatographic composition.

Identity assessment

• FTIR spectrum identification result: 964 ± 5, as reported
• Retention time identification result: 0.996 ± 0.005, as reported
• Molecular ion mass identification: 2174 Da ± 1 Da
• Mass spectrometry identity assessment: MS deconvolution

The Certificate of Analysis includes chromatographic and mass spectrometric documentation supporting the analytical characterisation of the tested sample. The FTIR and retention time results are reproduced as reported numerical identification values; the summary does not provide additional units or explicit pass/fail interpretations for these two measurements.

Bacterial endotoxin and microbiological assessment

• Bacterial endotoxin: 0.009 EU/mg
• Reported endotoxin acceptable range: 0–0.5 EU/mg
• Total aerobic microbial count: 0 CFU/g
• Total yeast and mould count: 0 CFU/g
• Reported aerobic microbial count range: 0–1000 CFU/g
• Reported yeast and mould count range: 0–100 CFU/g

Microbiological analysis references USP <61> / European Pharmacopoeia 2.6.12 plate-count methodology. Bacterial endotoxin testing references USP <85> / European Pharmacopoeia 2.6.14 chromogenic testing.

The reported microbiological counts were zero under the applied testing conditions, while bacterial endotoxin was measurable at 0.009 EU/mg. These findings describe the tested sample and do not constitute a claim of sterility or suitability for biological administration.

Elemental impurity screening

Seven elemental impurities were evaluated using screening procedures referenced to USP <232> and European Pharmacopoeia 5.20 / 2.4.20.

• Arsenic: below 0.001 ppm
• Cadmium: below 0.001 ppm
• Mercury (listed as quicksilver): below 0.001 ppm
• Lead: below 0.001 ppm
• Nickel: below 0.001 ppm
• Vanadium: below 0.001 ppm
• Cobalt: below 0.001 ppm

All seven reported elemental impurity results were below 0.001 ppm. This indicates concentrations below the stated reporting threshold rather than proof of absolute absence.

The complete 13-page Certificate of Analysis provides additional supporting analytical documentation, including chromatographic information, mass spectrometric data, endotoxin determination records and laboratory methodology descriptions.

 

Research Applications

MOTS-C is investigated across several areas of experimental mitochondrial and cellular biology. Its relevance arises from its mitochondrial genetic origin and its proposed participation in intracellular signalling networks associated with metabolic adaptation.

Potential areas of laboratory investigation include:

• Mitochondria-derived peptide biology and intracellular signalling
• AMPK-associated metabolic regulatory pathways
• Cellular responses to changing energetic conditions
• Mitochondrial-to-nuclear communication and stress-responsive signalling
• Experimental models of glucose and energy metabolism
• Oxidative stress and mitochondrial adaptation research
• Cellular ageing and metabolic homeostasis investigations
• Analytical peptide characterisation and comparative laboratory studies

These applications represent scientific research areas rather than demonstrated medical benefits. Individual experiments must establish their own appropriate controls, measurement endpoints and interpretation criteria.

The availability of batch-specific analytical data can assist researchers in documenting material characteristics, comparing analytical findings and maintaining traceability within controlled research workflows.

 

Grail Formula Quality

Grail Formula focuses on providing laboratory research compounds supported by transparent product information and independently documented analytical results.

For MOTS-C 10 mg, independent Liquilabs testing provides measured information concerning peptide quantity, chromatographic purity, analytical identity, bacterial endotoxin levels, microbiological counts and selected elemental impurities.

Each reported result should be interpreted within the scope of the specific sample, analytical method and stated measurement uncertainty. The Certificate of Analysis supports informed evaluation of the tested batch without implying that the material has undergone every possible analytical or safety assessment.

By presenting the measured 8.88 mg assay content alongside the nominal 10 mg product designation, Grail Formula maintains a clear distinction between product labelling and independently measured analytical findings.

 

When You Choose Grail Formula

Choosing Grail Formula means selecting a research compound accompanied by independently documented, batch-specific analytical information rather than relying solely on general product specifications.

For this MOTS-C preparation, researchers can review the Liquilabs Certificate of Analysis to examine the reported purity, measured peptide content, identity assessment, microbiological findings and elemental impurity screening.

The report also provides a specific batch reference and publication date, allowing the analytical findings to be associated with the identified production batch.

Grail Formula emphasises factual product presentation, research-oriented documentation and transparent reporting of analytical results, including differences between nominal and measured quantities.

 

Research Use Limitation

• Used solely for laboratory and in vitro research
• Not approved for human consumption
• Not approved for veterinary use
• Not intended for diagnostic purposes
• Not intended for therapeutic applications
• Not permitted for clinical administration
• For research use only

• Independently analysed by Liquilabs s.r.o. Czechia
• 99.3 % purity reported by COA
• Assay content measured at 8.88 mg against a nominal 10 mg
• Identification evaluated by FTIR spectrum and retention time analysis
• Molecular ion mass identified at 2174 Da
• Bacterial endotoxin level of 0.009 EU/mg
• Total aerobic microbial count: 0 CFU/g
• Total yeast and mould count: 0 CFU/g
• All seven reported elemental impurities below 0.001 ppm
• Batch number: GF-MOTSC10-B242
• COA publication date: 11 October 2026
• Complete batch-specific COA traceability
• Mitochondria-derived peptide research compound
• For research use only – not for human or veterinary use

For laboratory research only. Not intended for human consumption, injection, or cosmetic use.

This product is for research purposes only. Not for human use or diagnostic/therapeutic applications. Keep out of reach of children.