MOTS-c 40mg

MOTS-C 40 mg is a high-purity lyophilized peptide research compound supplied by Grail Formula for scientific investigation and controlled laboratory experimentation.

For research use only — not for human or veterinary use.

Product Overview

MOTS-C is a mitochondria-derived peptide investigated in experimental research involving cellular metabolism, mitochondrial signalling, energy regulation and intracellular adaptation. Its origin within mitochondrial genetic material makes it an important subject of scientific interest in the relationship between mitochondrial function and broader cellular regulatory processes.

Grail Formula supplies MOTS-C 40 mg as a nominal 40 mg lyophilized peptide research preparation. This product is intended for qualified researchers investigating mitochondrial biology, peptide-mediated signalling and metabolic pathways under controlled laboratory conditions.

Independent third-party analysis was conducted by Liquilabs s.r.o., Czechia. The Certificate of Analysis, published on 11 October 2026, identifies batch GF-MOTSC40-B243 and reports a measured assay content of 43.3 mg with a chromatographic purity of 99.6 %.

The measured peptide quantity exceeds the nominal 40 mg designation by 3.3 mg, equivalent to 8.25 %. This result is reported transparently as an analytical difference between labelled quantity and measured content.

Importantly, the 99.6 % chromatographic purity result is separate from the 43.3 mg assay measurement. Purity describes the relative chromatographic composition under the applied analytical conditions, whereas assay content represents the independently measured peptide quantity.

Peptide Overview

MOTS-C, an abbreviation of mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA type-c peptide, is a naturally occurring peptide encoded by a short open reading frame associated with mitochondrial DNA. It consists of 16 amino acids and belongs to the expanding scientific category of mitochondria-derived peptides.

Mitochondria are commonly recognised for their involvement in cellular energy production through oxidative phosphorylation. However, contemporary research also examines their role in cellular communication, metabolic regulation and responses to environmental stress.

MOTS-C has attracted scientific attention because experimental studies suggest that mitochondria-derived peptides may participate in signalling processes extending beyond the mitochondrion itself.

Investigations involving MOTS-C have examined relationships with cellular energy balance, metabolic adaptation, intracellular signalling pathways and stress-responsive biological processes.

Its defined peptide structure and mitochondrial genetic origin make it relevant to laboratory studies investigating the interaction between mitochondrial conditions and wider cellular regulatory systems.

Scientific findings remain dependent on experimental models, analytical methods and biological conditions. Results obtained from cell-based and animal investigations do not establish equivalent effects in humans.

Historical Background and Scientific Context

MOTS-C was first described in scientific literature in 2015 during research into previously unrecognised biologically active peptides encoded by mitochondrial DNA.

Its identification contributed to the development of a broader understanding of mitochondrial biology, in which mitochondria are investigated not only as energy-producing organelles but also as participants in cellular signalling networks.

Historically, mitochondrial research focused primarily on ATP generation, respiratory-chain activity, oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial genetic disorders. The discovery of mitochondria-derived peptides introduced additional questions about how mitochondrial genetic information might influence processes throughout the cell.

Subsequent investigations explored potential associations between MOTS-C and metabolic regulation, cellular stress responses, mitochondrial adaptation and intracellular communication.

Researchers have examined MOTS-C-related signalling under experimental conditions involving nutrient availability, energetic demand, exercise-associated biological responses and ageing-related cellular changes.

These investigations form part of a wider scientific field concerned with mitochondrial retrograde signalling, through which changes in mitochondrial conditions may influence nuclear and cytoplasmic regulatory pathways.

Although the scientific literature has expanded, the biological functions of MOTS-C remain context-dependent. Its mechanisms and broader physiological significance continue to be investigated through preclinical research.

Mechanistic Focus in Research

A prominent area of MOTS-C research concerns its proposed interaction with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an intracellular signalling regulator involved in cellular energy sensing and metabolic adaptation.

AMPK-associated pathways are investigated in relation to changing cellular energy availability, nutrient conditions and metabolic stress. Experimental studies have explored whether MOTS-C-related responses interact with these regulatory systems.

Another research direction concerns the relationship between MOTS-C and metabolic intermediates associated with glucose utilisation, amino acid metabolism and intracellular energy regulation.

Researchers investigate these interactions using controlled experimental models to distinguish direct molecular effects from broader downstream cellular responses.

MOTS-C has also been studied in connection with nuclear signalling and stress-responsive gene regulation. Experimental literature describes context-dependent changes in intracellular localisation and possible interactions with nuclear regulatory mechanisms.

These findings have contributed to scientific interest in mitochondria-to-nucleus communication and the potential participation of mitochondria-derived peptides in transcriptional responses.

Additional experimental investigations examine MOTS-C in research models involving oxidative stress, mitochondrial adaptation, metabolic homeostasis and cellular ageing.

Such research directions concern biological mechanisms rather than established therapeutic effects. Interpretation requires careful consideration of experimental design, biological models, analytical endpoints and reproducibility.

Analytical Verification (COA)

Grail Formula supports batch-specific analytical transparency through independent third-party laboratory testing. The MOTS-C 40 mg Certificate of Analysis was issued by Liquilabs s.r.o., Czechia, with a publication date of 11 October 2026.

The report identifies the sample as MOTS-C 40 mg, batch GF-MOTSC40-B243, and provides analytical findings concerning peptide assay content, chromatographic purity, molecular identity, microbiological counts, bacterial endotoxins and elemental impurities.

Peptide assay and chromatographic purity

• Nominal product quantity: 40 mg
• Measured MOTS-C assay content: 43.3 mg ± 0.2 mg
• Reported MOTS-C purity: 99.6 % ± 0.5 percentage points
• Measured assay difference from nominal quantity: 3.3 mg above the labelled 40 mg
• Peptide analysis designation: Peptide Screening 0.1% TFA

The measured assay content corresponds to 108.25 % of the nominal product quantity. This analytical finding indicates that the tested sample contained more measured MOTS-C than the nominal 40 mg designation.

The chromatographic purity of 99.6 % is a separate analytical result and should not be used to calculate or replace the independently measured assay content.

Identity assessment

• FTIR spectrum identification result: 978 ± 5, as reported
• Retention time identification result: 0.999 ± 0.005, as reported
• Molecular ion mass identification: 2174 Da ± 1 Da
• Mass spectrometry identity assessment: MS deconvolution

The Certificate of Analysis includes chromatographic and mass spectrometric documentation supporting the analytical characterisation of the tested sample.

The FTIR and retention time results are reproduced as reported numerical identification values. The summary does not provide additional units or explicit pass/fail interpretations for these two measurements.

Bacterial endotoxin and microbiological assessment

• Bacterial endotoxin: 0.002 EU/mg
• Reported endotoxin acceptable range: 0–0.5 EU/mg
• Total aerobic microbial count: 0 CFU/g
• Total yeast and mould count: 0 CFU/g
• Reported aerobic microbial count range: 0–1000 CFU/g
• Reported yeast and mould count range: 0–100 CFU/g

Microbiological testing references USP <61> / European Pharmacopoeia 2.6.12 plate-count methodology. Bacterial endotoxin determination references USP <85> / European Pharmacopoeia 2.6.14 chromogenic testing.

The reported microbiological counts were zero under the applied analytical conditions. Bacterial endotoxin was measurable at 0.002 EU/mg, within the laboratory’s stated acceptable range.

These results describe the tested sample and do not establish sterility or suitability for biological administration.

Elemental impurity screening

Seven elemental impurities were evaluated using screening procedures referenced to USP <232> and European Pharmacopoeia 5.20 / 2.4.20.

• Arsenic: below 0.001 ppm
• Cadmium: below 0.001 ppm
• Mercury (listed as quicksilver): below 0.001 ppm
• Lead: below 0.001 ppm
• Nickel: below 0.001 ppm
• Vanadium: below 0.001 ppm
• Cobalt: below 0.001 ppm

All seven reported elemental impurity results were below 0.001 ppm and within their respective stated acceptable ranges.

Results below the reporting threshold should not be interpreted as confirmation of absolute absence. They indicate that the measured concentrations were below the specified analytical reporting level.

The complete 14-page Certificate of Analysis includes additional analytical documentation, chromatographic records, mass spectrometric information, endotoxin determination data and microbiological methodology descriptions.

Research Applications

MOTS-C is investigated across several areas of experimental mitochondrial and cellular biology. Its scientific relevance arises from its mitochondrial genetic origin and its proposed participation in intracellular signalling networks associated with metabolic adaptation.

Potential areas of laboratory investigation include:

• Mitochondria-derived peptide biology and intracellular signalling
• AMPK-associated metabolic regulatory pathways
• Cellular responses to changing energetic conditions
• Mitochondrial-to-nuclear communication and stress-responsive signalling
• Experimental models of glucose and energy metabolism
• Oxidative stress and mitochondrial adaptation research
• Cellular ageing and metabolic homeostasis investigations
• Analytical peptide characterisation and comparative laboratory studies

These applications represent scientific research areas rather than demonstrated medical benefits. Individual experiments require appropriate controls, validated measurement endpoints and careful interpretation of results.

Batch-specific analytical documentation can assist researchers in maintaining material traceability and comparing experimentally relevant product characteristics.

Grail Formula Quality

Grail Formula focuses on supplying laboratory research compounds supported by transparent product information and independently documented analytical findings.

For MOTS-C 40 mg, independent Liquilabs testing provides measured information concerning peptide quantity, chromatographic purity, analytical identity, bacterial endotoxin levels, microbiological counts and selected elemental impurities.

Each result should be interpreted within the scope of the tested sample, analytical methodology and stated measurement uncertainty.

By reporting the measured 43.3 mg assay content alongside the nominal 40 mg product designation, Grail Formula maintains a clear distinction between labelled quantity and independent laboratory findings.

When You Choose Grail Formula

Choosing Grail Formula means selecting a research compound accompanied by independently documented, batch-specific analytical information rather than relying solely on general product specifications.

For this MOTS-C preparation, researchers can review the Liquilabs Certificate of Analysis to examine the reported purity, measured peptide content, identity assessment, microbiological findings and elemental impurity screening.

The report provides a defined batch reference and publication date, allowing the analytical findings to be associated with the identified production batch.

Grail Formula emphasises factual product presentation, research-oriented documentation and transparent reporting of analytical results, including differences between nominal and measured quantities.

Research Use Limitation

• Used solely for laboratory and in vitro research
• Not approved for human consumption
• Not approved for veterinary use
• Not intended for diagnostic purposes
• Not intended for therapeutic applications
• Not permitted for clinical administration
• For research use only

• Independently analysed by Liquilabs s.r.o. Czechia
• 99.6 % purity reported by COA
• Assay content measured at 43.3 mg against a nominal 40 mg
• Identification evaluated by FTIR spectrum and retention time analysis
• Molecular ion mass identified at 2174 Da
• Bacterial endotoxin level of 0.002 EU/mg
• Total aerobic microbial count: 0 CFU/g
• Total yeast and mould count: 0 CFU/g
• All seven reported elemental impurities below 0.001 ppm
• Batch number: GF-MOTSC40-B243
• COA publication date: 11 October 2026
• Complete batch-specific COA traceability
• Mitochondria-derived peptide research compound
• For research use only – not for human or veterinary use

For laboratory research only. Not intended for human consumption, injection, or cosmetic use.

This product is for research purposes only. Not for human use or diagnostic/therapeutic applications. Keep out of reach of children.